kswapd0: page allocation failure: order:0, mode:0x820(GFP_ATOMIC), nodemask=(null),cpuset=/,mems_allowed=0 (Kernel v6.5.9, 32bit ppc)

[Erhard Furtner]

On Wed, 5 Jun 2024 16:58:11 -0700
Yosry Ahmed <yosryahmed at google.com> wrote:

> On Wed, Jun 5, 2024 at 4:53 PM Yu Zhao <yuzhao at google.com> wrote:
> >
> > On Wed, Jun 5, 2024 at 5:42 PM Yosry Ahmed <yosryahmed at google.com> wrote:  
> > >
> > > On Wed, Jun 5, 2024 at 4:04 PM Erhard Furtner <erhard_f at mailbox.org> wrote:  
> > > >
> > > > On Tue, 4 Jun 2024 20:03:27 -0700
> > > > Yosry Ahmed <yosryahmed at google.com> wrote:
> > > >  
> > > > > Could you check if the attached patch helps? It basically changes the
> > > > > number of zpools from 32 to min(32, nr_cpus).  
> > > >
> > > > Thanks! The patch does not fix the issue but it helps.
> > > >
> > > > Means I still get to see the 'kswapd0: page allocation failure' in the dmesg, a 'stress-ng-vm: page allocation failure' later on, another kswapd0 error later on, etc. _but_ the machine keeps running the workload, stays usable via VNC and I get no hard crash any longer.
> > > >
> > > > Without patch kswapd0 error and hard crash (need to power-cycle) <3min. With patch several kswapd0 errors but running for 2 hrs now. I double checked this to be sure.  
> > >
> > > Thanks for trying this out. This is interesting, so even two zpools is
> > > too much fragmentation for your use case.  
> >
> > Now I'm a little bit skeptical that the problem is due to fragmentation.
> >  
> > > I think there are multiple ways to go forward here:
> > > (a) Make the number of zpools a config option, leave the default as
> > > 32, but allow special use cases to set it to 1 or similar. This is
> > > probably not preferable because it is not clear to users how to set
> > > it, but the idea is that no one will have to set it except special use
> > > cases such as Erhard's (who will want to set it to 1 in this case).
> > >
> > > (b) Make the number of zpools scale linearly with the number of CPUs.
> > > Maybe something like nr_cpus/4 or nr_cpus/8. The problem with this
> > > approach is that with a large number of CPUs, too many zpools will
> > > start having diminishing returns. Fragmentation will keep increasing,
> > > while the scalability/concurrency gains will diminish.
> > >
> > > (c) Make the number of zpools scale logarithmically with the number of
> > > CPUs. Maybe something like 4log2(nr_cpus). This will keep the number
> > > of zpools from increasing too much and close to the status quo. The
> > > problem is that at a small number of CPUs (e.g. 2), 4log2(nr_cpus)
> > > will actually give a nr_zpools > nr_cpus. So we will need to come up
> > > with a more fancy magic equation (e.g. 4log2(nr_cpus/4)).
> > >
> > > (d) Make the number of zpools scale linearly with memory. This makes
> > > more sense than scaling with CPUs because increasing the number of
> > > zpools increases fragmentation, so it makes sense to limit it by the
> > > available memory. This is also more consistent with other magic
> > > numbers we have (e.g. SWAP_ADDRESS_SPACE_SHIFT).
> > >
> > > The problem is that unlike zswap trees, the zswap pool is not
> > > connected to the swapfile size, so we don't have an indication for how
> > > much memory will be in the zswap pool. We can scale the number of
> > > zpools with the entire memory on the machine during boot, but this
> > > seems like it would be difficult to figure out, and will not take into
> > > consideration memory hotplugging and the zswap global limit changing.
> > >
> > > (e) A creative mix of the above.
> > >
> > > (f) Something else (probably simpler).
> > >
> > > I am personally leaning toward (c), but I want to hear the opinions of
> > > other people here. Yu, Vlastimil, Johannes, Nhat? Anyone else?  
> >
> > I double checked that commit and didn't find anything wrong. If we are
> > all in the mood of getting to the bottom, can we try using only 1
> > zpool while there are 2 available? I.e.,  
> 
> Erhard, do you mind checking if Yu's diff below to use a single zpool
> fixes the problem completely? There is also an attached patch that
> does the same thing if this is easier to apply for you.

No, setting ZSWAP_NR_ZPOOLS to 1 does not fix the problem unfortunately (that being the only patch applied on v6.10-rc2).

Trying to alter the lowmem and virtual mem limits next as Michael suggested.

Regards,
Erhard