[PATCH 1/3] kexec: Prevent removal of memory in use by a loaded kexec image

Wed Apr 15 00:49:27 AEST 2020

On 14.04.20 16:39, Baoquan He wrote:
> On 04/14/20 at 11:37am, David Hildenbrand wrote:
>> On 14.04.20 11:22, Baoquan He wrote:
>>> On 04/14/20 at 10:00am, David Hildenbrand wrote:
>>>> On 14.04.20 08:40, Baoquan He wrote:
>>>>> On 04/13/20 at 08:15am, Eric W. Biederman wrote:
>>>>>> Baoquan He <bhe at redhat.com> writes:
>>>>>>
>>>>>>> On 04/12/20 at 02:52pm, Eric W. Biederman wrote:
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>> The only benefit of kexec_file_load is that it is simple enough from a
>>>>>>>> kernel perspective that signatures can be checked.
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> We don't have this restriction any more with below commit:
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> commit 99d5cadfde2b ("kexec_file: split KEXEC_VERIFY_SIG into KEXEC_SIG
>>>>>>> and KEXEC_SIG_FORCE")
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> With KEXEC_SIG_FORCE not set, we can use kexec_load_file to cover both
>>>>>>> secure boot or legacy system for kexec/kdump. Being simple enough is
>>>>>>> enough to astract and convince us to use it instead. And kexec_file_load
>>>>>>> has been in use for several years on systems with secure boot, since
>>>>>>> added in 2014, on x86_64.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> No.  Actaully kexec_file_load is the less capable interface, and less
>>>>>> flexible interface.  Which is why it is appropriate for signature
>>>>>> verification.
>>>>>
>>>>> Well, everyone has a stance and the corresponding view. You could have
>>>>> wider view from long time maintenance and in upstrem position, and think
>>>>> kexec_file_load is horrible. But I can only see from our work as a front
>>>>> line engineer to maintain/develop kexec/kdump in RHEL, and think
>>>>> kexec_file_load is easier to maintain.
>>>>>
>>>>> Surely except of multiple kernel image format support. No matter it is
>>>>> kexec_load and kexec_file_load, e.g in x86_64, we only support bzImage.
>>>>> This is produced from kerel building by default. We have no way to
>>>>> support it in our distros and add it into kexec_file_load.
>>>>>
>>>>> [RFC PATCH] x86/boot: make ELF kernel multiboot-able
>>>>> https://lkml.org/lkml/2017/2/15/654
>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>>> kexec_load in every other respect is the more capable and functional
>>>>>>>> interface.  It makes no sense to get rid of it.
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>> It does make sense to reload with a loaded kernel on memory hotplug.
>>>>>>>> That is simple and easy.  If we are going to handle something in the
>>>>>>>> kernel it should simple an automated unloading of the kernel on memory
>>>>>>>> hotplug.
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>> I think it would be irresponsible to deprecate kexec_load on any
>>>>>>>> platform.
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>> I also suspect that kexec_file_load could be taught to copy the dtb
>>>>>>>> on arm32 if someone wants to deal with signatures.
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>> We definitely can not even think of deprecating kexec_load until
>>>>>>>> architecture that supports it also supports kexec_file_load and everyone
>>>>>>>> is happy with that interface.  That is Linus's no regression rule.
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> I should pick a milder word to express our tendency and tell our plan
>>>>>>> then 'obsolete'. Even though I added 'gradually', seems it doesn't help
>>>>>>> much. I didn't mean to say 'deprecate' at all when replied.
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> The situation and trend I understand about kexec_load and kexec_file_load
>>>>>>> are:
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> 1) Supporting kexec_file_load is suggested to add in ARCHes which don't
>>>>>>> have yet, just as x86_64, arm64 and s390 have done;
>>>>>>>  
>>>>>>> 2) kexec_file_load is suggested to use, and take precedence over
>>>>>>> kexec_load in the future, if both are supported in one ARCH.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> The deep problem is that kexec_file_load is distinctly less expressive
>>>>>> than kexec_load.
>>>>>>
>>>>>>> 3) Kexec_load is kept being used by ARCHes w/o kexc_file_load support,
>>>>>>> and by ARCHes for back compatibility w/ kexec_file_load support.
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> For 1) and 2), I think the reason is obvious as Eric said,
>>>>>>> kexec_file_load is simple enough. And currently, whenever we got a bug
>>>>>>> report, we may need fix them twice, for kexec_load and kexec_file_load.
>>>>>>> If kexec_file_load is made by default, e.g on x86_64, we will change it
>>>>>>> in kernel space only, for kexec_file_load. This is what I meant about
>>>>>>> 'obsolete gradually'. I think for arm64, s390, they will do these too.
>>>>>>> Unless there's some critical/blocker bug in kexec_load, to corrupt the
>>>>>>> old kexec_load interface in old product.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Maybe.  The code that kexec_file_load sucked into the kernel is quite
>>>>>> stable and rarely needs changes except during a port of kexec to
>>>>>> another architecture.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Last I looked the real maintenance effor of kexec and kexec on panic was
>>>>>> in the drivers.  So I don't think we can use maintenance to do anything.
>>>>>
>>>>> Not sure if I got it. But if check Lianbo's patches, a lot of effort has
>>>>> been taken to make SEV work well on kexec_file_load. And we have
>>>>> switched to use kexec_file_load in the newly published  Fedora release
>>>>> on x86_64 by default. Before this, Lianbo has investigated and done many
>>>>> experiments to make sure the switching is safe. We finally made this
>>>>> decision. Next we will do the switch in Enterprise distros. Once these
>>>>> are proved safe, we will suggest customers to use kexec_file_load for
>>>>> kexec rebooting too. In the future, we will only care about
>>>>> kexec_file_load if everying is going well. But as I have explained
>>>>> repeatedly, only caring about kexec_file_load means we will leave
>>>>> kexec_load as is, we will not add new feature or improvement patches
>>>>> for it.
>>>>>
>>>>> commit 6a20bd54473e11011bf2b47efb52d0759d412854
>>>>> Author: Lianbo Jiang <lijiang at redhat.com>
>>>>> Date:   Thu Jan 16 13:47:35 2020 +0800
>>>>>
>>>>>     kdump-lib: switch to the kexec_file_load() syscall on x86_64 by default
>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>> For 3), people can still use kexec_load and develop/fix for it, if no
>>>>>>> kexec_file_load supported. But 32-bit arm should be a different one,
>>>>>>> more like i386, we will leave it as is, and fix anything which could
>>>>>>> break it. But people really expects to improve or add feature to it? E.g
>>>>>>> in this patchset, the mem hotplug issue James raised, I assume James is
>>>>>>> focusing on arm64, x86_64, but not 32-bit arm. As DavidH commented in
>>>>>>> another reply, people even don't agree to continue supporting memory
>>>>>>> hotplug on 32-bit system. We ever took effort to fix a memory hotplug
>>>>>>> bug on i386 with a patch, but people would rather set it as BROKEN.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> For memory hotplug just reload.  Userspace already gets good events.
>>>>>
>>>>> Kexec_file_load is easy to maintain. This is an example.
>>>>>
>>>>> Lock the hotplug area where kexed-ed kernel is targeted in this patchset,
>>>>> it's obviously not right. We can't disable memory hotplug just because
>>>>> kexec-ed kernel is loaded ahead of time. 
>>>>>
>>>>> Reloading is also not a good fix. Kexec-ed kernel is targeted at a
>>>>> movable area, reloading can avoid kexec rebooting corruption if that
>>>>> area is hot removed. But if that area is not removed, locating kernel
>>>>> into the hotpluggable area will change the area into ummovable zone.
>>>>> Unless we decide to not support memory hotplug in kexec-ed kernel, I
>>>>> guess it's very hard. Now in our distros kexec rebooting has been
>>>>> supported, the big cloud providers are deploying linux in guest, bugs on
>>>>> kexec reboot failure has been reported. They need the memory hotplug to
>>>>> increase/decrease memory.
>>>>>
>>>>> The root cause is kexec-ed kernel is targeted at hotpluggable memory
>>>>> region. Just avoiding the movable area can fix it. In kexec_file_load(),
>>>>> just checking or picking those unmovable region to put kernel/initrd in
>>>>> function locate_mem_hole_callback() can fix it. The page or pageblock's
>>>>> zone is movable or not, it's easy to know. This fix doesn't need to
>>>>> bother other component.
>>>>
>>>> I don't fully agree. E.g., just because memory is onlined to ZONE_NORMAL
>>>> does not imply that it cannot get offlined and removed e.g., this is
>>>> heavily used on ppc64, with 16MB sections.
>>>
>>> Really? I just know there are two kinds of mem hoplug in ppc, but don't
>>> know the details. So in this case, is there any flag or a way to know
>>> those memory block are hotpluggable? I am curious how those kernel data
>>> is avoided to be put in this area. Or ppc just freely uses it for kernel
>>> data or user space data, then try to migrate when hot remove?
>>
>> See
>> arch/powerpc/platforms/pseries/hotplug-memory.c:dlpar_memory_remove_by_count()
>>
>> Under DLAPR, it can remove memory in LMB granularity, which is usually
>> 16MB (== single section on ppc64). DLPAR will directly online all
>> hotplugged memory (LMBs) from the kernel using device_online(), which
>> will go to ZONE_NORMAL.
>>
>> When trying to remove memory, it simply scans for offlineable 16MB
>> memory blocks (==section == LMB), offlines and removes them. No need for
>> the movable zone and all the involved issues.
> 
> Yes, this is a different one, thanks for pointing it out. It sounds like
> balloon driver in virt platform, doesn't it?

With DLPAR there is a hypervisor involved (which manages the actual HW
DIMMs), so yes.

> 
> Avoiding to put kexec kernel into movable zone can't solve this DLPAR
> case as you said.
> 
>>
>> Now, the interesting question is, can we have LMBs added during boot
>> (not via add_memory()), that will later be removed via remove_memory().
>> IIRC, we had BUGs related to that, so I think yes. If a section contains
>> no unmovable allocations (after boot), it can get removed.
> 
> I do want to ask this question. If we can add LMB into system RAM, then
> reload kexec can solve it. 
> 
> Another better way is adding a common function to filter out the
> movable zone when search position for kexec kernel, use a arch specific
> funciton to filter out DLPAR memory blocks for ppc only. Over there,
> we can simply use for_each_drmem_lmb() to do that.

I was thinking about something similar. Maybe something like a notifier
that can be used to test if selected memory can be used for kexec
images. It would apply to

- arm64 and filter out all hotadded memory (IIRC, only boot memory can
  be used).
- powerpc to filter out all LMBs that can be removed (assuming not all
  memory corresponds to LMBs that can be removed, otherwise we're in
  trouble ... :) )
- virtio-mem to filter out all memory it added.
- hyper-v to filter out partially backed memory blocks (esp. the last
  memory block it added and only partially backed it by memory).

This would make it work for kexec_file_load(), however, I do wonder how
we would want to approach that from userspace kexec-tools when handling
it from kexec_load().

-- 
Thanks,

David / dhildenb